关于排污许可固定污染源全覆盖的实现

随着对排污许可固定污染源全覆盖的理解逐步深化,排污许可在实践中不断深入推进。一是突破"片面覆盖",不再仅仅服务于总量控制和仅适用于部分地区;二是关注点从"排放"转移到"控制",实现污染物"全覆盖",从水、大气扩展到其他污染物;三是关注点从"许可"到"许可制",名录增加了登记管理类别,实现排污单位"全覆盖";四是关注点从"发证"到"监管",实现排污许可要求从纸面到实际的"全覆盖"。     

2000-2019年中国北方地区沙尘暴时空变化及其相关影响因素

利用多年多源环境、气象和卫星遥感资料,从年代际、年际异常和气候变化的角度分析了21世纪以来中国北方地区沙尘暴的时空演化特征及其气象、植被变化的影响机理.结果表明：①2000—2013年中国北方地区沙尘暴年日数呈显著波动下降趋势,下降速率为1.1 d/10 a,2013年后呈微弱增长趋势.近40年来,春季沙尘暴日数占全年沙尘暴日数的平均占比为62%,但其逐年变化率明显下降（-7.3%/10 a）,2010年后夏季沙尘暴日数的变化率则呈现上升趋势（12.4%/10 a）,新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠地区沙尘暴的高发季节由春季逐渐向夏季扩展.②21世纪初中国北方地区沙尘暴发生频数明显下降,沙尘暴影响范围向塔克拉玛干沙漠南部地区收缩西移,戈壁沙漠在亚洲沙尘源区中的主体地位逐年下降,改变了中国北方地区沙尘暴的空间格局.③中国北方地区沙尘暴的区域性减少主要归因于平均风速与大风日数逐年下降（-0.1 m·s^-1/10 a、-4.4 d/10 a）、年降水量显著增加（32.7 mm/10 a）及区域地表变绿.塔里木盆地南缘局地风速的升高是导致该地区沙尘暴多发的重要气象影响因素,而地表植被覆盖的增加是造成戈壁沙漠沙尘暴年日数显著下降的主要原因.     

康平县生态环境建设中的气候效应分析

利用康平县1959—2008年气象观测资料,分析了康平县近50a气候变化规律特征,论述了增大森林覆盖率对未来气候可能产生的调节作用。结果表明:在全球变暖的大背景下,康平县的气温增高、蒸发量增大、风力减弱、降水量呈下降趋势且干旱少雨期增长;植树造林增加植被覆盖率对防风固沙、改善康平县生态环境有着积极的促进作用,但对降水量的增加作用有限。     

滨海半城市化地区植被覆盖度的时空变化——以青岛市崂山区为例

基于青岛市崂山区1990、1997、2002、2008年四期TM遥感影像数据,利用遥感二分像元估算模型和归一化植被指数,定量研究了半城市化地区的植被覆盖度演化过程及其时空动态变化特征,结果表明:研究区植被覆盖度演变具有快速性、差异性和不稳定性特征;1990-1997年,植被平均覆盖度由48.71%下降到24.74%,是植被覆盖度下降最快时期;2002-2008年间,植被平均覆盖度由23.58%增加到44.49%,属于植被覆盖恢复时期。整体空间变化呈现分散和无序特征,地形因子显著影响植被覆盖度的分布及变化。从气候因素和人为活动影响两个方面分析了造成崂山地区植被覆盖度下降的原因,对降雨量与各地区植被覆盖度进行了相关性分析,划分出气候影响显著区域。最后通过主成份分析定量研究气候、人为因素对当地植被覆盖度的影响程度,结果发现城市化作用是造成植被覆盖度变化的主要因素。     

北京市土壤风蚀扬尘排放因子本地化

土壤风蚀扬尘源是细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的来源之一,对比国内典型省市扬尘源排放清单,发现土壤风蚀扬尘源对本地扬尘源PM_(2.5)排放清单的贡献率最大差别为4个数量级.本研究改进一种土壤风蚀扬尘排放因子公式及参数值确定方法,利用遥感影像、中国土壤数据集和各区气象数据,分别获得北京市平原区植被覆盖因子(V)、土壤风蚀指数(I)和气候因子(C)空间分布,并估算土壤风蚀扬尘PM_(2.5)排放因子空间分布.结果表明:①以北京市2017年为例,发现国内学者计算的C值都存在不同程度低估,PM_(2.5)排放因子存在高估或低估;②V、I和C值都具有明显空间差异,V、I和C值平均值分别为0.63±0.09、 188±73和0.029±0.009,各区V、I和C值的最大值分别是最小值的1.5、 2.1和4.5倍;③北京市土壤风蚀扬尘PM_(2.5)排放因子呈现西北和东南方向较高的空间分布,全市平均排放因子为(0.001 8±0.000 8) t·(hm~2·a)~(-1),是最高区(西城)和最低区(平谷)数值的0.54和3.12倍,较高强度(0.6～0.8]和高强度(0.8～1.0]的标准化排放因子面积占比分别为0.72%和0.04%.     

Air monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in the Great Lakes: IADN vs. AEOLOS

When designing a monitoring campaign, one has to consider many factors in the decision to perform a long-term synoptic monitoring program or a short-term intensive study. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. This paper compares and contrasts the information obtained from two studies conducted on the Laurentian Great Lakes. One, the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN), is a long-term synoptic monitoring study and the other, the Atmospheric Exchange Over Lakes and Oceans (AEOLOS), was a short-term intensive study. The advantages of long-term synoptic monitoring programs are providing greater spatial information, the relative influence of long and short-range transport on the regional background, gross loadings representative of the majority of each lake and long-term temporal trends. Short-term intensive studies provide more information on the processes governing sources, transport and deposition, such as the urban/industrial influence on adjacent large water bodies, specific sources to an urban/industrial area and short-term fluctuations in concentrations due to meteorology, source strength and photochemical reactions. Using information provided by both the IADN and AEOLOS studies, areas of urban influence are predicted for each of the five Great Lakes.     

保护性耕作对土壤养分及有机碳库的影响

以稻草覆盖免耕方式稻田冬种马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)为例,研究了保护性耕作对土壤养分以及有机碳库的影响.结果表明:保护性耕作能显著增加表层土层的养分含量,土壤氮素含量比传统耕作增加0.81%～7.24%,磷素含量增加14.95%～19.21%,钾素含量增加0.57%～15.40%,且全氮、全磷、全钾含量与传统耕作之间均达到了极显著差异水平,除碱解氮含量与传统耕作之间差异不显著外,速效磷与速效钾含量与传统耕作之间达到了显著差异水平与极显著差异水平;保护性耕作能增加土壤总有机碳与活性有机碳含量,提高土壤碳库管理指数,0～10 cm土层土壤的碳库管理指数分别比传统耕作高出9.10%、13.95%,10～20 cm土层则比传统耕作略低.因此保护性耕作能使土壤朝着有利于土壤质量提高的方向发展.两个保护性耕作处理:免耕稻草覆盖(8 cm)、免耕覆盖稻草(8 cm)后盖黑色地膜之间差异不大.     

The Narrative Cycle of Climate Change in the Greek Newspapers, 2001–2008

This paper aims to establish whether the longitudinal framing of climate change (CC) in Greek newspapers exhibits the characteristics of a “narrative cycle,” with different themes becoming prominent at different periods in accordance with the media’s narrative considerations. In order to test this assumption, we formulate a number of hypotheses which we test with data originating from three Greek newspapers over the period 2001–2008. We find that the scientific and ecological/meteorological themes of CC are more often mentioned during the initial phase of media coverage, arguably due to media’s attempt to open the narrative and capture the public’s attention. Public protests and debate feature more prominently during the peaked phase of coverage, in accordance with the narrative need for a climax, while the later period of coverage, when some kind of resolution to the story should be offered, is characterized by the prominence of policy-making and economy-related issues.     

The need for innovative strategies to improve immunisation services in rural Zimbabwe

Gokwe South, a rural district in Midlands Province, Zimbabwe, reported the lowest rate of immunisation coverage in the country in 2005: 55 per cent of children vaccinated with three doses of diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus vaccine (DPT3) and 35 per cent dropout between the first and third dose of DPT. In January 2007, the authors assessed local barriers to immunisation and proposed strategies to improve immunisation rates in the district, in the face of nationwide economic and political challenges. A situational analysis was performed to assess barriers to immunisation using focus-group discussions with health workers, key informant interviews with health management and community leaders, and desk reviews of records. Responses were categorised and solutions proposed. Health workers and key informants reported that immunisation service delivery was hampered by insufficient availability of gas for cold-chain equipment, limited transport and fuel to conduct basic activities, and inadequate staff and supervision. Improving coverage will require prioritising gas for vaccine cold-chain equipment, identifying reliable transportation or alternative transportation solutions, and increased staff, training and supervision. Local assessment is critical to pinpointing site-specific barriers, and innovative strategies are needed to overcome existing contextual challenges.     

应用遥感监测技术分析扬州市五年植被覆盖状况

利用扬州市2006—2010年间卫星遥感数据,对扬州市植被覆盖状况进行了研究。首先对遥感影像进行几何校正,其次对遥感影像进行解译,提取植被覆盖信息,计算扬州市植被覆盖指数,同时对扬州市近5年植被覆盖进行了动态变化分析。研究表明,扬州市近5年林地面积大幅度提高,植被覆盖指数逐年增加,生态环境状况逐年好转。